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(Alternative Medicine Review, March 2005)
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(4.) Mach L, Scherf W, Ammann M, et al. Purification and partial characterization of a novel lectin from elder (Sambucus nigra L.) fruit. Biochem J 1991;278:667-671.
(5.) Jensen SR, Nielsen BJ. Cyanogenic glucosides in Sambucus nigra L. Acta Chem Scand 1973;27:2661-2662.
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(11.) Personal communication with Madeleine Mumcuoglu, MD; January 25, 2005.
(12.) Zakay-Rones Z, Varsano N, Zlotnik M, et al. Inhibition of several strains of influenza virus in vitro and reduction of symptoms by an elderberry extract (Sambucus nigra L.) during an outbreak of influenza B Panama. J Altern Complement Med 1995;1:361-369.
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(16.) Janeway CA Jr, Travers P. Walport M, Shlomchik MJ. Immuno Biology 5. The Immune System in Health and Disease. New York, NY: Garland Publishing; 2001: 12-13.
(17.) Barak V, Halperin T, Kalickman I. The effect of Sambucol[R], a black elderberry-based, natural product, on the production of human cytokines: I. Inflammatory cytokines. Eur Cytokine Netw 2001;12:290-296.
(18.) Barak V, Birkenfeld S, Halperin T, Kalickman I. The effect of herbal remedies on the production of human inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Isr Med Assoc J 2002;4:S919-S922.
(19.) Abuja PM, Murkovic M, Pfannhauser W. Antioxidant and prooxidant activities of elderberry (Sambucus nigra) extract in low-density lipoprotein oxidation. J Agric Food Chem 1998;46:4091-4096.
(20.) Kehrer JP. Free radicals as mediators of tissue injury and disease. Crit Rev Toxicol 1993;23:21-48.
(21.) Youdim KA, Martin A, Joseph JA. Incorporation of the elderberry anthocyanins by endothelial cells increases protection against oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;29:51-60.
(22.) Serkedjieva J, Manolova N, Zgorniak-Wowosielska I, et al. Antiviral activity of the infusion (SHS-174) from flowers of Sambucus nigra L., aerial parts of Hypericum perforatum L., and roots of Saponaria officinalis L. against influenza and herpes simplex viruses. Phytother Res 1990;4:97-100.
(23.) No authors listed. Anecdotal reports: elderberry extract plus chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate and Thy-mate reduces viral load to non-detectable levels in 10 days. Posit Health News 1998;17:7-11.
(24.) Murkovic M, Abuja PM, Bergmann AR, et al. Effects of elderberry juice on fasting and postprandial serum lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in healthy volunteers: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Eur J Clin Nutr 2004;58:244-249.
(25.) Atkinson M. Herbs for Your Health. New York, NY: Dalesman Books; 1979.
(26.) Gray AM, Abdel-Wahab YH, Flatt PR. The traditional plant treatment, Sambucus nigra (elder), exhibits insulin-like and insulin-releasing actions in vitro. J Nutr 2000;130:15-20.
(27.) Hardin JW, Arena JM, eds. Human Poisoning from Native and Cultivated Plants. 2nd ed. Durham, NC: Duke University Press; 1974.
(28.) Forster-Waldl E, Marchetti M, Scholl I, et al. Type 1 allergy to elderberry (Sambucus nigra) is elicited by a 33.2 kDa allergen with significant homology to ribosomal inactivating proteins. Clin Exp Allergy 2003;33:1703-1710.
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